Facts--Commercial
Wind Power
Information and excerpts from Wikipedia Wind
Power article and Orders of Magnitude article, as well as from other
Web sites listed below.
- At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate
capacity of wind-powered generators was 121.2 gigawatts
(GW). Hoover Dam peak
output: 2 gigawatts.
- Since wind speed is not constant, a wind farm's annual
energy production
is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings
multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of actual
productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the
capacity
factor. Typical capacity factors are 20–40%, with values at
the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites
- In 2008, wind power produced about 1.5% of worldwide
electricity usage;
and is growing rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005
and 2008.
- Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of
wind power penetration, such as 19% of stationary electricity
production in Denmark, 11% in Spain
and Portugal, and 7% in Germany
and the Republic of Ireland in
2008.
- As of May 2009, eighty countries around the world are using
wind power on a commercial basis
- Danger to birds and
bats has been a concern in some locations. However, studies show that
the number of birds killed by wind turbines is negligible compared to
the number that die as a result of other human activities, and
especially the environmental impacts of using non-clean
power sources.
Fossil fuel generation kills around twenty times as many birds per unit
of energy produced than wind-farms.
Bat species appear to be at risk during key movement periods. Almost
nothing is known about current populations of these species and the
impact on bat numbers as a result of mortality at windpower locations.
Offshore wind sites 10 km or more from shore do not interact with
bat populations.
- According to the Energy Information Agency, the average US
household uses 888 kWh per month, or 10,656 kWh per year. An average
1.5-MW turbine would produce the same amount of electric energy as that
used by almost 332 households over a year. wind-watch.org
- In 2004, wind energy cost a fifth of what it did in the
1980s.
- A British Wind Energy Association report gives an average
generation cost of onshore wind power of around 5 and 6 cents per kWh
(2005). Cost
per unit of energy produced was estimated in 2006 to be comparable
to the cost of new generating capacity in the US for coal and natural
gas: wind cost was estimated at $55.80 per MWh, coal at $53.10/MWh and
natural gas at $52.50. Other
sources in various studies have estimated wind to be more expensive
than other sources (see Economics of new
nuclear power plants, Clean
coal, and Carbon capture and storage).
- When comparing renewable and conventional power sources
costs, several internal cost factors have to be considered. Note we are
not here talking about price, ie actual selling price, since
this can be affected by a variety of factors such as subsidies on some
energy and sources and taxes on others:
- Capital costs (including waste disposal and
decomissioning costs for nuclear energy)
- Operating and maintenance costs
- Fuel costs (for fossil fuel and biomass sources, and
which may be negative for wastes)
- Expected annual hours run
- To evaluate the cost of production of electricity, the
streams of costs are converted to a net present value using the time
value of money. Inherently renewables are on a decreasing cost
curve, while non-renewables are on an increasing cost curve.
- There are additional costs for renewables in terms of
increased grid interconnection to allow for diversity of weather and
load, but these have been shown in the pan-European case to be quite
low, showing that overall wind energy costs about the same as present
day power.
6 megawatt Enercon 112 Turbine
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Types of Wind-Harnessing Systems
- Conventional wind turbines
with propeller blades.
- Floating wind turbines:
wind turbines mounted on a floating structure that allows the turbine
to generate electricity farther
out in the sea, where the wind is stronger and steadier. The
electricity generated is sent to the shore through undersea cables.
Wikipedia Floating
Wind Turbine article
- Kites: MS Beluga
Skysails is the world's first commercial container
cargo ship which is partially powered by a 160-square-metre
(1,700 sq ft), computer-controlled
kite. The kite could reduce fuel consumption by 20%
- Wind-diesel Hybrid Power Systems combine diesel
generators and wind turbines. Wikipedia Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems article
Facts--Small-Scale
Wind Power
Excerpt from Wikipedia Wind
Power article
- A new Carbon Trust study
into the potential of
small-scale wind energy has found that small wind turbines could
provide up to 1.5 terawatt hours (TW·h) per year of electricity
(0.4% of total UK electricity consumption), saving 0.6 million tonnes
of carbon dioxide (Mt CO2) emission savings. This is based
on the assumption that 10% of households would install turbines at
costs competitive with grid electricity, around 12 pence (US 19 cents)
a kWh
Energy vs. Wind Speed
Excerpt from the Energy Bible (http://energybible.com/wind_energy/wind_speed.html)
One of the key things to know about wind speed is that the
amount of energy which wind can generate is not a one to one
function. Rather energy increases by the cube of the wind
speed. If you double the wind speed, you get eight times the
energy. That is one reason that looking at wind maps is so
useful. Even a small difference in wind speed within a given area
can have a big impact on the amount of energy a wind turbine can
generate. It is also one of the reasons why a taller wind tower can
make so much of a difference. If the wind speed increases even a
few miles an hour by going with a taller tower the energy generation
potential goes way up (see sidebar chart).
One way to get a sense of the amount of energy a wind turbine
will produce at different speeds is look at a power curve graph.
Most wind turbine manufacturers will show the power curve for their
particular turbines. This type of chart shows the power output
(usually in watts) on one axis and the wind speed on the other. The
chart below shows power curve for an Air-X wind turbine. It should be
noted that the sudden drop off at above 30 mph is caused by a safety
cut off.

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